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Is baptism necessary for salvation? I am very concerned because my niece has not had her children, ages seven and eight, baptized.
— A reader in Alexandria
Jesus said, "I solemnly assure you, no one can enter into God's kingdom without being begotten of water and Spirit" (John 3:5). At the Ascension, our Lord commanded the apostles, "Go therefore, and make disciples of all the nations. Baptize them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.' Teach then, to carry out everything I have commanded you" (Mt. 23:19-20). In another account of the Ascension, Jesus added, "The man who believes in [the good news] and accepts Baptism will be saved; the man who refuses to believe in it will be condemned (John 16:16).
Given these teachings of our Lord, the Second Vatican Council in the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church stated, "[Jesus] Himself explicitly asserted the necessity of faith and baptism, and thereby affirmed at the same time the necessity of the Church which men enter through baptism as through a door. Hence they could not be saved who knowing that the Catholic Church was founded as necessary by God through Christ, would refuse either to enter it, or to remain in it" (No. 14). Therefore, sacramental baptism is the only means given by our Lord which assures salvation. The Church must never neglect the duty to proclaim the gospel and by the grace of God, call people in faith to baptism.
The Catechism, however, adds an italicized caution: "God has bound salvation to the Sacrament of Baptism, but He Himself is not bound by His sacraments" (No. 1257). Besides the normal ritual baptism of water and the invocation of the Holy Trinity, the Church has also accepted two other forms of Baptism — a baptism of blood and a baptism of desire. While these two forms are not the Sacrament of Baptism per se, they do render the same graces and effects (Catechism, No. 1258).
First, consider baptism by blood. During the age of Roman persecution, catechumen individuals who were preparing for Baptism and entrance into the Church — oftentimes were arrested, tried as Christians, and condemned to death. The Church considered them to be martyrs since they died for the faith and with Christ. In his treatise on baptism, Tertullian (d. c. 22a) coined the phrase "laver of blood," to distinguish the Baptism of these catechumen martyrs from those baptized with the "laver of water"; He wrote, "We have a second laver which is one and the same, namely the laver of blood. " St. Augustine (d. 430 (writing after the persecution) stated, "When any die for the confession of Christ without having received the laver of regeneration, it avails as much for the remission of their sins as if they had been washed in the sacred font of Baptism" (City of God, XIII, 7). This belief in the efficacy of a baptism by blood is based again on the teachings of Christ:: "Whoever acknowledges me before men I will acknowledge before my Father in heaven" (Mt. 10:32) and "Whoever wishes to be my follower must deny his very self, take up his cross each day, and follow in my steps." Whoever would save his life will lose it and whoever loses his life for my sake will save it" (Lk. 9:23-24).
The baptism of desire is based on the belief that Christ desired all people to be saved . The saving action of our Lord's passion, death, and resurrection eternally radiates touching even those people who may not explicitly ever have the benefit of missionary activity, come to know the gospel, or to receive the Lord through the Sacrament of Baptism. The Second Vatican Council stated, "Since Christ died for all, and since all men are in fact called to one and the same destiny, which is divine, we must hold that the Holy Spirit offers to all the possibility of being made partakers, in a way known to God, of the Paschal mystery" (Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern World No. 1260).
In speaking of the "People of God," and affirming that the fullness of the means of salvation subsists within the confines of the Catholic Church, the Council clearly expressed that other Christians, who share with Catholics Baptism, the Sacred Scriptures, and perhaps even apostolic succession (as with the Orthodox), can also be saved (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, No. 15). The Council then addressed non-Christians: the Jews, the Moslems, and those who "seek the unknown God": "Those who, through no fault of their own, do not know the Gospel of Christ or His Church, but who nevertheless seek God with a sincere heart, and moved by grace' try in their actions to do His will as they know it through the dictates of their conscience — those too may achieve eternal salvation" (No. 16). In this sense, these people have a sincere desire for God and would have desired Baptism explicitly if they had the opportunity to receive it or they had known its necessity (Catechism, No. 1260).
However, such a statement should not seduce us into an indifferentism where one thinks that Baptism is either not important or optional: Baptism is the sacrament which infuses the divine life of the Holy Trinity into our soul and opens to us fully the mystery of Christ's passion, death, and resurrection. Through the nourishment of grace from the reception of other sacraments, the study of the faith, and our life within the Church, we live our Baptism looking forward to its fulfillment in the Kingdom of Heaven.
What then about infants who die without baptism? Here, we trust in the infinite mercy of God,