The Church's Teaching on Cremation

Straight Answers By Fr. William Saunders
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More and more people I know are having deceased deceased ones cremated. I thought that Catholics were not allowed to be cremated. A friend though said that the Bishops have permitted cremation. Could you please explain the Church’s teaching?

— A reader in Chantilly

While cremation is definitely becoming more and more popular, it is actually something new to Catholic Christian tradition. The early Church retained the Jewish practice of bodily burial and rejected the common pagan Roman practice of cremation. The basis for this rule was simply that God has created each person in His image and likeness, and therefore the body is good and should be returned to the earth at death (Genesis 3:19). Moreover, our Lord Himself was buried in the tomb and then rose in glory on Easter. Therefore, Christians buried their dead both out of respect for the body and in anticipation of the resurrection at the Last Judgment. St. Paul reminds us, "The Lord Himself will come down from heaven at the word of command, at the sound of the archangel’s voice and God’s trumpet; and those who have died in Christ will rise first" (1 Thes 4:16).

The Church’s stance against cremation was also reinforced by those who mocked the belief in the resurrection of the body. Many of the early martyrs were burned at the stake and then their persecutors scattered their ashes as a sign of contempt for this Christian belief.

After the legalization of Christianity in the 4th century, cremation generally ceased in the Roman Empire. As Christian culture continued to spread, even in those missionary lands, regular bodily burial became the norm, even in cultures that had once practiced cremation. Due to the religious belief of the people, the civil authorities also outlawed cremation: for example Charlemagne made cremation at capital offense in 789. The only exception given to this rule was when there may have been a mass death and the spread of disease threatened.

In the 19th century, cremation again arose in Europe due greatly to the Freemasonry movement and the rationalist philosophy which denied any notion of the supernatural or spiritual, particularly the immortality of the soul, the afterlife, and the resurrection of the body. The concern for hygiene and the conservation of land also prompted a revival. Many began to view cremation as an acceptable funeral custom. Nevertheless, largely motivated by the affront to the Catholic faith posed by cremation, the Church officially condemned the practice in 1886.

The old 1917 Code of Canon Law (No. 1203) prohibited cremation and required the bodies of the faithful to be buried. Again, an exception was given in times of mass death and the threat of disease. Those individuals who had directed their bodies to be cremated were denied ecclesiastical burial.

In 1963, the Church changed this regulation. The Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (then known as the Holy Office) issued an instruction "Piam et Constantem" stating, "The constant pious practice among Christians of burying the bodies of the faithful departed, has always been the object of solicitude on the part of the Church, shown both by providing it with appropriate rites to express clearly the symbolic and religious significance of burial, and by establishing penalties against those who attacked this salutary practice." The Church permitted cremation in cases of necessity, but prohibited it for anyone who was making a stand against the faith.

The new Code of Canon Law (1983) stipulates, "The Church earnestly recommends that the pious custom of burying the bodies of the dead be observed; it does not, however, forbid cremation unless it has been chosen for reasons which are contrary to Christian teaching" (No. 1176, 3). Therefore, a person may choose to be cremated if he has the right intention. However, the cremated remains must be treated with respect and should be interred in a grave or columbanum.

A pastoral problem with cremation has concerned their presence at the funeral Mass and then their placement afterwards. Until recently, the cremains could not be present for the funeral Mass. On March 21, 1997, the Sacred Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments granted an indult authorizing each local bishop to set a policy regarding the presence of the cremains for the funeral Mass. The Sacred Congregation emphasized that the cremains must be treated with respect and must be interred after the funeral Mass.

In the Diocese of Arlington, Bishop John R. Keating has since granted permission for the cremains to be present during the funeral Mass. Appropriate prayers and liturgical directives have been issued to accommodate this situation. However, after the funeral Mass, the cremains must be interred either in a columbarium or in the ground with an appropriate marking memorializing the deceased. The keeping of the cremains at home or the scattering of them at sea, in the air, or in the garden is not permitted.

As a priest, I believe that the entire Catholic funeral liturgy — the vigil service, the Mass of Christian Burial, and the Final Committal and Burial — offers to us a great reminder of our faith and aids in our healing. The regular liturgical prayers and actions are designed to honor the body. Moreover, the body best reminds us of that person who entered a new life at Baptism, becoming a "temple of the Lord," was anointed at Confirmation, was nourished with the Holy Eucharist, and has now gone, we hope and pray, to the fulfillment of that life and eternal rest.

While the death of someone we love is always hard to face, there is something good and comforting when we gather as a faith community in the presence of our Lord and the body of the deceased, and offer that loved one hack to God. Unfortunately, on more than one occasion, I have dealt with families who have had the deceased loved one cremated, and later regretted the action even feeling great guilt. I always recommend for people who want to be cremated or want to have their deceased loved one cremated that they do so after the funeral Mass and then inter the remains properly.

While cremation is permitted and the indult allows the presence of the cremains at the funeral Mass, the preference remains to bury the body of the dented loved one.

Fr. Saunders is dean of the Notre Dame Graduate School of Christendom College and pastor of Queen of Apostles Parish, both in Alexandria.

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