Not long after coming to power in 1933, the German government
headed by Adolf Hitler sought a formal agreement with the Holy See — a
concordat setting terms of the church-state relationship. No sooner was the
concordat in place, however, than the Nazis began violating it, prompting
dozens of formal protests from the Vatican.
By 1937 things had reached the point that Pope Pius XI felt moved
to denounce Nazism in an encyclical, “Mit Brennender” (With Burning Concern),
drafted by a German cardinal and Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Eugenio
Pacelli, the future Pius XII. Historian Michael Burleigh calls the document an
“immensely astute critique of everything that Nazism stood for,” including its
anti-Semitism and neo-paganism.
Is history now repeating itself on the other side of the globe?
Since terms of the “Provisional Agreement on the Appointment of Bishops”
reached in September 2018 between the Holy See and the Chinese government
haven’t been made public — a disturbing circumstance in its own right — it is
impossible to say flatly that Rome got a bad deal. But certainly the results so
far have been highly disadvantageous to a large number of Chinese Catholics.
The agreement provides for bishops to be nominated by the
government and confirmed by the pope. It expires in September but can be
continued if both sides agree.
The Catholic Church is of course hardly the only one with
problems in China. Muslims, Tibetan Buddhists, Falun Gong and other Christians
are all under extreme pressure from the government of President Xi Jinping. As
it has done for two decades, the State Department recently listed China as a
“country of particular concern” in its annual report on international religious
freedom.
Among Catholics, particular targets of the crackdown on religion
are those 10 to 12 million faithful who have continued to worship in the
so-called “underground” church rather than the government-controlled official
Catholic Church. Under terms of the Beijing-Rome accord, the Vatican apparently
accepts the official body and encourages the underground church’s absorption
into it.
It may be that the Vatican is betting its agreement with the
no-nonsense men in Beijing will pay off in the long run by guaranteeing the church
a secure place in China in happier times to come. If so, who now can say with
certainty the Vatican won’t win its bet?
But the fundamental working principle of the Chinese communist
government can be summed up in one word: control. And the present situation of
the Chinese church is such that neither Rome nor Catholics elsewhere should
view it with anything but deep concern.
Chris Patten, the respected former British diplomat who was the
last British governor of Hong Kong before it reverted to China, said in an
interview earlier this year that the Vatican “got it badly wrong about China”
in its agreement with the Xi Jinping regime. Patten said he agreed with those
in the Vatican who want to “do what they can to make it easier for Catholics
and other Christians to worship in China.” But he added: “This was an
extraordinary time to be doing this with an administration in China which has
gone back on human rights.”
A fact sheet on China posted by the U.S. bishops’ conference says
in part that “underground churches are closed and their priests detained,
crosses destroyed, Bibles confiscated, and children under 18 forbidden from
attending Mass and receiving religious instruction. Surveillance cameras and
pictures of President XI are mounted in many churches.”
That sounds uncomfortably like Germany in 1937.
Shaw writes from Washington.